Guides
Practical, opinionated explanations to help you interpret metrics and avoid common mistakes.
How to use these guides
- Start with the guide that matches your decision (bidding, payback, retention, runway).
- Use formulas as a baseline, then validate assumptions with your data.
- Prefer cohort and segment views over blended averages when diagnosing issues.
- Use the linked calculators to sanity-check targets and break-even points.
- Watch common pitfalls (time windows, denominators, attribution bias) before changing budgets.
- Bookmark the hubs for ongoing operations (retention/churn, unit economics, measurement).
Paid ads
ROAS: What it is and how to use it
A practical guide to ROAS (Return on Ad Spend): definitions, formulas, benchmarks, and common pitfalls.
Updated 2026-02-16
Paid ads funnel: CPM, CTR, CVR -> CPC, CPA, ROAS (with profit)
A practical guide to the paid ads funnel: how CPM, CTR, and CVR drive CPC, CPA, ROAS, and profit - with formulas and common pitfalls.
Updated 2026-01-23
CTR (Click-Through Rate): definition, formula, and how to improve
CTR explained: what click-through rate is, how to calculate it, and how to improve CTR without sacrificing conversion quality.
Updated 2026-02-16
CVR (Conversion Rate): definition, formula, and how to calculate
CVR explained: what conversion rate means, how to calculate it correctly, and how to improve it without sacrificing scale.
Updated 2026-02-16
CPC (Cost Per Click): definition, formula, and how to calculate
CPC explained: what cost per click means, how to calculate it, and how CPC connects to CTR, CVR, and CPA.
Updated 2026-02-16
CPM (Cost Per 1,000 Impressions): definition, formula, and how to calculate
CPM explained: what cost per mille means, how to calculate it, and how CPM affects CPC and CPA.
Updated 2026-02-16
ROI vs ROAS: definitions, formulas, and when to use each
A concise guide to ROI and ROAS: what each metric measures, how to interpret results, and pitfalls in cost attribution.
Updated 2026-02-16
CAC vs CPA: definitions, formulas, and when to use each
CAC vs CPA explained: what each metric measures, how to calculate them, and how to translate CPA into CAC for planning.
Updated 2026-02-16
Break-even ROAS: how to calculate it (and set a target ROAS)
Learn how break-even ROAS works using contribution margin, what to include in the model, and how to turn it into a realistic target ROAS.
Updated 2026-02-16
Target ROAS: how to set a realistic ROAS goal
A practical guide to target ROAS: use contribution margin and allocations for fixed costs and profit to set a ROAS goal that fits your business.
Updated 2026-02-16
Incrementality: how to tell if ads are actually driving growth
Platform-reported ROAS can overstate impact. Learn what incrementality means, when it matters, and practical ways to test it.
Updated 2026-01-23
Incrementality lift: how to compute incremental ROAS from holdouts
Turn an exposed vs holdout test into incremental conversions, incremental ROAS, and incremental profit for decision-making.
Updated 2026-01-23
Marginal ROAS: how to scale ads with diminishing returns
A practical guide to marginal ROAS: why average ROAS misleads at scale, how diminishing returns work, and how to pick a profit-maximizing spend level.
Updated 2026-02-16
Target CPA: how to set acquisition targets from LTV and margin
A practical guide to target CPA: connect acquisition cost to LTV, contribution margin, and payback constraints (and avoid common mismatches).
Updated 2026-02-16
MER (blended ROAS): how to use it without fooling yourself
A practical guide to MER: what it is, how it differs from ROAS, how to compute break-even/target MER, and common pitfalls.
Updated 2026-02-16
Max CPC and break-even CPC: how to set bidding targets from margin
A practical guide to max CPC: translate AOV, CVR, and contribution margin into break-even CPC and a target CPC with buffer.
Updated 2026-01-28
Break-even CPM: how to price impressions from CTR, CVR, and margin
A practical guide to break-even CPM: translate CTR, CVR, AOV, and contribution margin into a max CPM and a target CPM with buffer.
Updated 2026-01-28
Break-even CTR: required CTR at a given CPM (with buffer)
A practical guide to break-even CTR: set creative CTR targets from CPM, CVR, AOV, and margin, then use them to diagnose pre-click performance.
Updated 2026-01-28
A/B test sample size: how to plan conversion experiments
A practical guide to A/B test planning: baseline CVR, MDE, alpha, power, sample size, and common pitfalls like peeking.
Updated 2026-01-28
CPL to CAC: why lead gen metrics mislead (and how to fix it)
A practical guide to converting CPL into CAC using lead-to-customer rates, and how to improve CAC by improving lead quality and close rate.
Updated 2026-01-28
Break-even CVR: required conversion rate at a given CPM and CTR
A practical guide to break-even CVR: set landing page CVR targets from CPM, CTR, AOV, and margin, then prioritize post-click fixes.
Updated 2026-01-28
Paid ads measurement hub: ROAS, MER, marginal ROAS, and incrementality
A practical hub for paid ads measurement: connect ROAS to profit, use MER for top-down truth, watch marginal ROAS for scale, and validate incrementality with holdouts.
Updated 2026-01-28
Paid ads bidding & budgeting hub: max CPC, target CPA, and break-even targets
A practical hub for bidding and budgeting: compute max CPC from CVR and margin, set target CPA using LTV, and use break-even CTR/CVR/CPM targets to guide creative and landing optimizations.
Updated 2026-01-28
Attribution vs incrementality: what to trust, when, and how to test
A practical guide to attribution vs incrementality: common attribution models, window pitfalls, how MER/marginal ROAS fit in, and how to run holdout/geo tests.
Updated 2026-01-28
Creative + landing page playbook: diagnose CTR/CVR, then set break-even targets
A practical playbook for improving paid ads performance: use CTR/CVR diagnosis, set break-even CTR/CVR/CPM targets from your economics, and fix the biggest lever first.
Updated 2026-01-28
UTM + GA4 attribution: practical tracking for paid ads (without lying to yourself)
A practical guide to UTMs and GA4: consistent source/medium/campaign tagging, conversion deduplication, and common attribution traps.
Updated 2026-01-28
Frequency and creative fatigue: diagnose performance decay and fix it
Learn how frequency, reach, and impressions interact with CTR/CVR, when to cap frequency, and how to refresh creatives without tanking learning.
Updated 2026-01-28
SaaS metrics
CAC: how to calculate Customer Acquisition Cost (formula + examples)
Customer acquisition cost (CAC) explained: formula, what to include, and practical CAC metrics (paid vs fully-loaded) you can trust.
Updated 2026-01-23
Fully-loaded CAC: definition, formula, and what to include
A practical guide to fully-loaded CAC: how it differs from paid CAC, what to include, and how to keep the definition consistent for planning.
Updated 2026-01-24
LTV: How to estimate Lifetime Value (and when not to)
A practical LTV guide: quick models vs cohort-based LTV, unit consistency, and pitfalls with churn and gross margin.
Updated 2026-01-05
LTV sensitivity: how churn and margin change LTV
A practical guide to LTV sensitivity: vary churn and gross margin to see how gross profit LTV changes under realistic scenarios.
Updated 2026-01-24
CAC Payback Period (Months to Recover CAC): definition, formula, benchmarks
Learn how to calculate CAC payback (months to recover CAC) using gross profit, plus benchmarks and levers to improve it.
Updated 2026-01-05
CAC payback sensitivity: ARPA * margin scenarios (months to recover CAC)
A practical guide to CAC payback sensitivity: vary ARPA and gross margin to see how months to recover CAC changes under realistic scenarios.
Updated 2026-01-24
Churn: How to measure churn rate correctly
A guide to churn rate: customer churn vs revenue churn, measurement choices, and how to track churn by cohort.
Updated 2026-01-24
Gross revenue churn: definition, formula, and how to calculate it
Gross revenue churn explained: contraction + churned MRR relative to starting MRR, with monthly-equivalent conversion and pitfalls.
Updated 2026-01-24
Retention rate: how to measure retention correctly
Learn retention rate definitions, how it differs from churn, and how to measure retention by cohort and segment.
Updated 2026-02-16
How to calculate ARPU (Average Revenue Per User)
ARPU calculation guide: definition, formula, worked example, and how to use ARPU with retention and LTV.
Updated 2026-02-22
ARPA: how to calculate Average Revenue Per Account (formula + examples)
ARPA (SaaS) explained: definition, ARPA formula, step-by-step calculation, and how to use ARPA with churn, payback, and LTV.
Updated 2026-02-22
ARPU growth decomposition: what drove revenue (ARPU vs users)
A practical guide to decomposing revenue growth into ARPU change vs user growth (and interaction), with a worked example.
Updated 2026-01-24
MRR: what it means (and how to track it cleanly)
A guide to MRR: definitions, what to include/exclude, and how to decompose MRR changes over time.
Updated 2026-01-24
ARR vs MRR: definitions, formulas, and how to convert
ARR vs MRR explained: what each metric means, the formulas (MRR*12 and ARR/12), and common pitfalls.
Updated 2026-01-24
MRR growth rate: how to measure recurring momentum
A practical MRR growth guide: compute period growth, CMGR, and annualized growth (CAGR) from start and end MRR.
Updated 2026-01-24
MRR churn rate: definition, formula, and monthly-equivalent conversion
MRR churn rate explained: churned MRR / starting MRR, plus how to convert non-monthly windows into a monthly-equivalent rate.
Updated 2026-01-24
Bookings vs ARR: what ARR means (and what it doesn't)
Bookings vs ARR explained: what ARR is (and isn't), plus how it differs from bookings and cash receipts.
Updated 2026-01-24
LTV:CAC ratio: how to interpret the ratio (and avoid mistakes)
Learn what LTV:CAC tells you, rough benchmarks, and how churn and payback change what 'good' looks like.
Updated 2026-01-27
NRR (Net Revenue Retention): definition, formula, how to calculate
NRR explained: what net revenue retention measures, the NRR formula, how to calculate it by cohort, and common mistakes.
Updated 2026-01-23
GRR (Gross Revenue Retention): definition, formula, how to calculate
GRR explained: gross revenue retention definition, GRR formula, how to calculate it, and why it matters alongside NRR.
Updated 2026-01-23
NRR vs GRR: differences, formulas, and how to use both
NRR includes expansion; GRR excludes it. Learn when each metric matters, how to compute both from the same cohort, and how to interpret the gap.
Updated 2026-01-24
Net new MRR: definition, formula, and how to calculate it
Net new MRR explained: how to calculate net new MRR from new, expansion, contraction, and churned MRR - plus common mistakes.
Updated 2026-01-23
MRR waterfall: reconcile starting MRR to ending MRR
A practical MRR waterfall guide: starting MRR + new + expansion - contraction - churn = ending MRR, with an example and pitfalls.
Updated 2026-01-24
SaaS Quick Ratio: definition, formula, and how to use it
SaaS quick ratio explained: (new + expansion) / (contraction + churn). Learn how to compute it and what it tells you about growth quality.
Updated 2026-01-23
Rule of 40: definition, formula, and how to interpret it
Rule of 40 explained: growth rate + profit margin. Learn which margin to use, how to compute it, and common pitfalls.
Updated 2026-01-23
ARR growth rate: how to measure recurring momentum
A practical ARR growth guide: compute period growth, CMGR, and annualized growth (CAGR) from start and end ARR.
Updated 2026-01-24
ARR waterfall: reconcile starting ARR to ending ARR (net new ARR)
A practical ARR waterfall guide: starting ARR + new + expansion - contraction - churn = ending ARR, with examples and pitfalls.
Updated 2026-01-24
Burn multiple: definition, formula, and how to use it
Burn multiple explained: net burn / net new ARR. Learn how to compute it, interpret it, and avoid common mistakes.
Updated 2026-01-23
Net new ARR: definition, formula, and how to calculate it
Net new ARR explained: how to calculate net new ARR from new, expansion, contraction, and churned ARR movements - plus common mistakes.
Updated 2026-01-24
Unit economics: CAC, payback, LTV, and LTV:CAC (how to model them)
A practical unit economics guide: consistent definitions for CAC and LTV, how to calculate CAC payback period, and how to interpret LTV:CAC.
Updated 2026-01-23
Bookings vs ARR: definitions, formulas, and examples
Bookings vs ARR explained (ARR vs bookings): what each metric measures, the formulas, and how to avoid common mistakes with annual prepay and one-time fees.
Updated 2026-02-22
SaaS Magic Number: definition, formula, and how to use it
SaaS Magic Number definition explained: what it measures, the formula, an example, lag assumptions, and how to interpret it alongside burn multiple and payback.
Updated 2026-02-22
Customer lifetime: definition, formula, and how to estimate it
Customer lifetime explained: how to estimate lifetime from churn, why the simple formula can be wrong, and how to improve the estimate with cohorts.
Updated 2026-01-23
Cohort vs aggregate metrics: why averages can mislead
Aggregate metrics hide churn and expansion dynamics. Learn when to use cohort analysis and how to interpret retention and LTV.
Updated 2026-01-12
MRR forecasting: a simple bridge model (new, expansion, churn)
A practical way to forecast MRR using a monthly bridge: starting MRR + new MRR + expansion - contraction - churn.
Updated 2026-01-27
Blended CAC vs paid CAC: when each is the right metric
CAC depends on what you include. Learn paid-only CAC vs fully-loaded blended CAC, how to avoid mismatches, and how to connect CAC to payback.
Updated 2026-01-23
Cohort LTV forecasting: churn, expansion, discounting (practical model)
A practical guide to cohort-based LTV: why it beats simple churn formulas, how to choose assumptions, and how to interpret discounted LTV.
Updated 2026-01-23
Price increases in SaaS: break-even churn, segmentation, and rollout
A practical guide to price increases: how to compute break-even churn, model revenue impact, and roll out changes safely.
Updated 2026-01-23
Quota attainment: formulas, pacing, and how to forecast safely
Learn how to calculate quota attainment and pacing, how to interpret projections, and what to pair it with (pipeline coverage, win rate).
Updated 2026-01-30
Pipeline coverage: what it is, how to calculate it, and benchmarks
Pipeline coverage explained: pipeline / quota, how win rate translates to required coverage, and how to avoid inflated pipeline.
Updated 2026-01-30
Required pipeline: how much pipeline (and how many deals) you need
Translate a revenue target into required pipeline dollars, wins, and opportunities using win rate and average deal size.
Updated 2026-01-30
Sales capacity planning: quota, attainment, ramp, and what to watch
A practical guide to sales capacity: estimate bookings capacity using headcount, quota, expected attainment, and ramped vs ramping mix.
Updated 2026-01-30
Sales quota setting: a practical framework (capacity, pipeline, and ramp)
Learn how to set sales quota using capacity math, pipeline coverage, and ramp assumptions, plus a sales quota calculator to sanity-check targets.
Updated 2026-02-22
OTE (on-target earnings): definition, commission rate, and pitfalls
Understand OTE, how to compute commission rate from variable pay and quota, and how to avoid common comp modeling mistakes.
Updated 2026-01-30
Sales funnel targets: leads -> MQL -> SQL -> opp -> win (how to plan)
A practical guide to back-solving funnel volume targets from a revenue goal using conversion rates and average deal size.
Updated 2026-01-30
Activation rate: definition, formula, and how to improve activation
Activation rate explained: how to define activation, the activation rate formula, and practical ways to improve activation without vanity metrics.
Updated 2026-01-24
Trial-to-paid conversion: definition, formula, and how to improve it
Trial-to-paid conversion explained: how to calculate it, choose a window, and improve conversion without harming retention.
Updated 2026-01-27
DAU/MAU (stickiness): definition, how to calculate, and benchmarks
DAU/MAU explained: what it measures, how to compute it correctly, and how to interpret stickiness for different product cadences.
Updated 2026-01-27
WAU/MAU: a weekly stickiness metric for B2B and weekly workflows
WAU/MAU explained: when to use it instead of DAU/MAU, how to calculate it correctly, and how to interpret it.
Updated 2026-01-27
Feature adoption rate: definition, how to measure adoption, and pitfalls
Feature adoption explained: how to define adoption events, choose the right denominator, and use adoption to improve activation and retention.
Updated 2026-01-28
PQL to paid: how to define PQLs and track conversion to revenue
A practical guide to PQL-to-paid conversion: define predictive PQL events, measure cohorts, and use segmentation to improve conversion and retention.
Updated 2026-01-28
Retention curves: how to read them and why they matter
A practical guide to retention curves: what they show, how to interpret churn vs retention, and how to connect retention to LTV and payback.
Updated 2026-01-28
Two-stage churn: modeling early drop-off vs steady-state retention
A practical guide to two-stage churn models: why early churn matters, how to model it, and how to connect retention improvements to LTV.
Updated 2026-01-28
Revenue retention curves: GRR vs NRR over time (how to model)
A practical guide to revenue retention curves: how GRR and NRR compound, how to interpret expansion vs churn, and how to avoid common mistakes.
Updated 2026-01-28
Unit economics dashboard: LTV, CAC, payback, and what to improve
A practical guide to unit economics: how to compute gross profit LTV, CAC payback, and LTV:CAC (and what levers improve them).
Updated 2026-01-28
Cohort payback curves: how to model payback with early churn
A practical guide to cohort payback: why payback matters for survival, how early churn affects payback, and how to improve it.
Updated 2026-01-28
NRR/GRR targets: how to translate targets into expansion and churn goals
A practical guide to retention targets: how NRR maps to required expansion and how GRR maps to maximum churn+contraction (with monthly vs annual units).
Updated 2026-01-28
Gross margin improvements: how margin changes LTV, payback, and growth ability
A practical guide to margin leverage: how improving gross margin increases gross profit LTV and speeds up CAC payback.
Updated 2026-01-28
Pricing guardrails: payback-based minimum price and max discount
A practical guide to pricing guardrails: compute minimum ARPA (or max discount) from CAC, margin, and a target payback to avoid breaking unit economics.
Updated 2026-01-28
Sales ops metrics hub: quota, pipeline, win rate, and capacity planning
A practical hub for sales ops planning: quota attainment, pipeline coverage, required pipeline, sales capacity with ramp, and OTE math.
Updated 2026-01-28
PLG metrics hub: activation, trial conversion, stickiness, and adoption
A practical hub for product-led growth metrics: activation rate, trial-to-paid, DAU/MAU and WAU/MAU stickiness, feature adoption, and PQL-to-paid conversion.
Updated 2026-01-28
Retention & churn hub: cohorts, GRR/NRR, and retention curves
A practical hub for retention measurement: churn rate, GRR/NRR, cohort retention curves, and how to set retention targets without getting misled by noise.
Updated 2026-01-28
Unit economics hub: CAC, LTV, payback, and runway (a practical stack)
A practical hub for unit economics: CAC, fully-loaded CAC, LTV, payback, margin impacts, burn multiple, and runway planning.
Updated 2026-01-28
Cohort analysis playbook: retention curves, LTV forecasting, and payback
A practical cohort analysis workflow: build retention curves, forecast LTV, and translate retention quality into payback and growth decisions.
Updated 2026-01-28
Pipeline coverage and sales cycle math: set realistic targets (and avoid sandbagging)
A practical guide to pipeline coverage: connect quota, win rate, sales cycle length, and CAC/payback constraints to set realistic growth targets.
Updated 2026-01-28
Finance
NPV (Net Present Value): definition, formula, and example
NPV explained: what net present value means, how to calculate NPV, how to pick a discount rate (MARR), and common pitfalls.
Updated 2026-02-16
IRR (Internal Rate of Return): definition, formula, and how to use it
IRR explained: what internal rate of return means, how to calculate IRR, and when IRR can be misleading (use NPV too).
Updated 2026-02-16
Discounted payback period: definition, formula, and how to calculate
Discounted payback explained: how it differs from simple payback, the formula, and when discounted payback is the right metric.
Updated 2026-01-23
Break-even revenue: calculate your break-even point
Understand break-even revenue with gross margin and fixed costs, plus tips for improving contribution margin and pricing.
Updated 2026-01-27
Contribution margin: what it is and why it matters
Contribution margin connects revenue to variable costs. It's the foundation for break-even analysis, ROAS targets, and scaling decisions.
Updated 2026-01-12
Cash runway: how to estimate burn, break-even, and survival time
A practical guide to runway: net burn, gross profit, break-even revenue, and how to avoid common cash planning mistakes.
Updated 2026-01-23
Break-even pricing: contribution margin, break-even units, and profit
A practical guide to break-even pricing: how to compute contribution margin, break-even units, and profit at expected volume.
Updated 2026-01-27
Deferred revenue: bridge billings to recognized revenue (with formulas)
A practical guide to deferred revenue: what it is, why billings and recognized revenue differ, and how to use a rollforward to stay consistent.
Updated 2026-01-28
DCF valuation: forecast cash flows, discount rate, and terminal value
A practical guide to DCF valuation and WACC discount rate choices: how to forecast FCF, choose a discount rate, and avoid terminal value traps.
Updated 2026-02-22
Investment decision metrics: NPV vs IRR vs payback vs PI
A practical guide to investment decision metrics: when to use NPV, when IRR misleads, and how payback and profitability index fit in.
Updated 2026-01-28
WACC explained: how to estimate a discount rate for DCF
A practical guide to WACC: what it is, how to compute it, and how to use it (carefully) as a DCF discount rate.
Updated 2026-02-22
Discount rate: how to choose it for NPV and DCF
A practical guide to discount rates: what they mean, how to choose a rate (WACC vs MARR), and how to avoid common mistakes.
Updated 2026-02-16
Enterprise value vs equity value: how to bridge EV to equity
A practical guide to converting enterprise value (EV) into equity value using net debt and other claims (and avoiding common valuation mix-ups).
Updated 2026-01-28
Pre-money vs post-money valuation: formulas, ownership, and pitfalls
Learn pre-money vs post-money valuation, how investor ownership is estimated, and why the option pool shuffle changes effective dilution.
Updated 2026-01-28
Pro rata rights: what they mean and how to estimate your check size
A practical guide to pro rata rights: maintaining ownership, estimating dilution if you don't participate, and common allocation pitfalls.
Updated 2026-01-28
Option pool shuffle: how it impacts founder dilution (with example)
Understand the option pool shuffle, why it's negotiated, and how a post-money option pool target changes dilution for existing holders.
Updated 2026-01-28
SAFE: what it is, valuation cap vs discount, and conversion basics
A practical guide to SAFEs: how valuation caps and discounts work, what converts in a priced round, and common modeling pitfalls.
Updated 2026-01-28
Convertible note: interest, cap/discount, and conversion basics
A practical guide to convertible notes: how interest accrues, how caps and discounts affect conversion price, and common modeling pitfalls.
Updated 2026-01-28
Liquidation preference (1* non-participating): what it means at exit
Understand 1* non-participating liquidation preference, when investors convert to common, and how this changes proceeds at different exit values.
Updated 2026-01-28
Multiple valuation: how to use ARR/revenue multiples and avoid mix-ups
A practical guide to multiple-based valuation: choosing a metric, applying EV multiples, and bridging to equity value via net debt.
Updated 2026-01-28
ARR valuation sensitivity: a simple multiple grid for scenarios
Use a 3*3 grid to see how valuation changes when ARR and the market multiple move, and avoid false precision from a single multiple.
Updated 2026-01-28
DCF sensitivity: discount rate vs terminal growth (how to read it)
A practical guide to DCF sensitivity analysis: why valuations swing, how to pick ranges, and how to avoid terminal value traps.
Updated 2026-02-16
Loan amortization: how monthly payments and total interest work
A practical guide to loan amortization: monthly payment formula, why interest dominates early, and how term and rate affect total interest.
Updated 2026-01-28
Interest expense: definition, formula, and how to calculate
Interest expense explained: what it is, the formula, how to calculate it, and how net interest expense works.
Updated 2026-02-16
APR vs APY: how compounding changes the effective rate
A practical guide to APR vs APY: what each means, how to convert between them, and common comparison mistakes.
Updated 2026-02-16
Real vs nominal return: inflation-adjusted performance
A practical guide to real return: how inflation changes purchasing power and why nominal returns can mislead over long horizons.
Updated 2026-01-28
Fundraising & valuation hub: pre/post-money, SAFEs, notes, and liquidation prefs
A practical hub for startup fundraising and valuation basics: pre/post-money, pro rata, option pool shuffle, SAFE/note conversion, and liquidation preference outcomes.
Updated 2026-01-28
Valuation modeling hub: WACC, DCF, multiples, and equity value
A practical hub for valuation modeling: estimate a discount rate (WACC), run a simple DCF with sensitivity analysis, and translate enterprise value to equity value.
Updated 2026-01-28
Capital budgeting hub: NPV, IRR, payback, and investment decisions
A practical hub for capital budgeting: use NPV, IRR, discounted payback, and profitability index together (and avoid relying on a single metric).
Updated 2026-01-28
Runway and burn: gross vs net burn, working capital, and cash levers
A practical guide to runway: compute net burn, understand why cash differs from profit, and how working capital and collections change runway.
Updated 2026-01-28
Cash conversion cycle: turn working capital into runway
A practical guide to the cash conversion cycle (CCC): how AR/AP timing changes cash, how to reduce days outstanding, and why runway depends on working capital.
Updated 2026-01-28
NPV vs IRR: which metric to trust (and the traps)
A practical guide to NPV vs IRR: why IRR can mislead, when NPV is superior, and how to compare projects with different scale and timing.
Updated 2026-02-16